Business around kibabii university in Bungoma county.

Kibabii University, located in Bungoma County, Kenya, is not only a center of academic excellence but also a hub of economic activity. Since its inception in 2011 and subsequent upgrade to a full-fledged university in 2015, the institution has significantly impacted the local economy, creating opportunities for various businesses in its vicinity. The interplay between the university, its students, staff, and the surrounding community has given rise to a vibrant and growing business environment.

Historical Context and Initial Growth

Kibabii University was established as a response to the growing demand for higher education in Western Kenya. Located in a relatively rural part of Bungoma County, the university initially served as a magnet for academic aspirations. Over time, its presence began to attract other forms of development. With the influx of students, faculty, and staff, the local community started experiencing an economic ripple effect, especially in Kibabii Township and its environs.

Prior to the university's establishment, Kibabii was a quiet area primarily focused on agriculture. However, the arrival of thousands of students and faculty members brought new demands for housing, food, and services, sparking entrepreneurial opportunities. Today, the area is a bustling hub of commerce, with diverse businesses thriving to meet the growing needs of the university community.

Real Estate Boom: Housing and Hostels

One of the most visible impacts of Kibabii 

University is the growth of the real estate sector. Students and staff require accommodation, and local developers have seized this opportunity by building hostels and rental units. Areas such as Kibabii Township and Siritanyi have become hotspots for real estate investments.

Hostels vary in size and amenities, ranging from basic single rooms to more luxurious units with en-suite facilities, Wi-Fi, and secure premises. The demand for these accommodations has not only benefited landlords but also created jobs for construction workers, caretakers, and security personnel. Land prices in the region have also surged, reflecting the area's newfound economic importance.

For many locals, leasing or selling land to developers has become a lucrative business. Entrepreneurs like Janet Wanjala, a resident who converted her family land into a hostel complex, highlight how the university has reshaped livelihoods. Janet explains, "We saw an opportunity when the university was established, and now, our income has doubled compared to when we relied solely on farming."

Food and Hospitality: A Growing Industry

The demand for food services has exploded in the Kibabii area. Students, staff, and visitors frequent local eateries, restaurants, and roadside vendors. Small-scale restaurants offering affordable meals have become a mainstay, catering to students on tight budgets.

Larger establishments have also sprung up, targeting staff and other well-off clientele. Cafes and modern restaurants are now common, offering everything from local Kenyan delicacies to fast food. Additionally, grocery stores and fresh produce markets thrive as vendors supply vegetables, fruits, and other essentials to both households and eateries.

A unique feature of Kibabii's food business scene is the growth of delivery services. With students spending long hours in lectures or preferring the convenience of having meals delivered, young entrepreneurs have launched food delivery businesses, leveraging social media platforms like WhatsApp and Facebook for marketing.

Transport Sector: Matatus, Boda Bodas, and Car Hire Services

Transport services are another booming sector in Kibabii and the surrounding areas. The influx of people necessitated improved mobility, giving rise to an extensive network of boda bodas (motorcycle taxis) and matatus (public service vehicles).

Boda bodas, in particular, dominate the transport sector, providing quick and affordable travel options for students commuting to and from the university. Riders like Peter Simiyu, a boda boda operator, have benefited greatly from the steady flow of clients. "On good days, I can make up to Ksh 1,500 just ferrying students to nearby hostels and shopping centers," Peter notes.

Car hire services and taxi operators have also joined the fray, offering transport solutions for faculty members, university visitors, and students traveling long distances. These services, though less frequent than boda bodas, add a layer of professionalism and convenience for clients with higher budgets.

Retail and General Stores

Retail businesses around Kibabii University range from small kiosks to fully stocked supermarkets. Students and staff rely on these stores for everyday essentials, including stationery, groceries, and household items. Additionally, stores selling electronics, such as phones and laptops, have flourished, catering to the tech-savvy student population.

One notable entrepreneur, John Wafula, runs a general store near the university's main gate. He shares, "When the university opened, I took a loan to expand my shop. Today, I serve hundreds of customers daily, and my business has grown steadily."

Wafula’s story reflects the broader economic transformation in the region. Small businesses, often started with limited capital, have scaled up due to consistent demand from the University.

Student Entrepreneurs and Side Hustles

Beyond established businesses, Kibabii University students are themselves key players in the local economy. Many students engage in small-scale entrepreneurial ventures to supplement their income or cover tuition costs. Common ventures include:

Printing and Photocopying Services: Students with access to printers offer affordable services to their peers, often setting up shop in hostel rooms or shared spaces.

Online Retail: Selling clothing, shoes, and accessories through social media platforms is a popular side hustle.

Tutoring and Coaching: Academically gifted students earn money by tutoring others in subjects like mathematics, languages, or computer skills.

The university has also established entrepreneurship programs and business competitions to encourage students to innovate and turn their ideas into viable businesses. These initiatives are fostering a culture of self-reliance and innovation among young people.

Challenges in the Business Environment

While the economic opportunities around Kibabii University are immense, businesses face several challenges. Key among these are:

1. Infrastructure Limitations: The roads leading to Kibabii University, though improved, are not always in the best condition, particularly during the rainy season. This hampers the movement of goods and people.

2. Competition: The concentration of businesses around the university has led to stiff competition, particularly for food vendors and retailers. Entrepreneurs must constantly innovate to stay ahead.

3. Security Concerns: With the growing population and increased economic activity, occasional cases of theft and insecurity have been reported. Business owners have invested heavily in security measures, such as installing CCTV cameras and hiring guards

The Role of Kibabii University in Local Business Growth

Kibabii University has played an active role in promoting local businesses. The institution sources some of its supplies, such as catering services and construction materials, from local vendors. Moreover, the university organizes events like career fairs, exhibitions, and conferences that draw visitors to the area, further boosting the economy.

The university’s partnerships with organizations and government agencies have also benefited the community. For instance, agricultural extension programs and small business workshops have equipped locals with the knowledge and resources needed to grow their ventures.

Future Prospects: Sustaining the Momentum

As Kibabii University continues to expand its student population and infrastructure, the surrounding community must find ways to sustain and enhance the economic momentum. Opportunities lie in diversifying business offerings and investing in modern infrastructure.

Additionally, collaborations between the university and local businesses could lead to mutually beneficial outcomes, such as internship programs, research opportunities, and joint ventures.

A more robust transport network, improved sanitation facilities, and enhanced security measures would also attract more investors to the area, further solidifying Kibabii's reputation as a regional business hub.

Conclusion

Kibabii University has transformed Bungoma County’s economy, particularly in the Kibabii area, by creating a fertile ground for businesses to thrive. From housing and food services to retail and transport, the local business ecosystem reflects the dynamic interplay between education and commerce. While challenges remain, the resilience and entrepreneurial spirit of the community, coupled with the university's continued growth, promise a bright future for this burgeoning economic hub.

For residents and students alike, Kibabii University is more than just an institution of learning—it is a lifeline, a source of inspiration, and a driver of economic prosperity in Bungoma County.

Road accidents in kenya.

Road accidents remain a significant public health and safety issue in Kenya, contributing to high mortality rates, injuries, and substantial economic loss. Despite progress in infrastructure and increased road safety campaigns, the high frequency of accidents reflects the need for further intervention. The main causes of road accidents in Kenya are often tied to human error, environmental factors, and infrastructural challenges. This article explores the leading causes of these accidents and the preventive measures that can be implemented to reduce road fatalities and injuries.

Causes of Road Accidents in Kenya

1. Human Error

Overspeeding: Speeding is one of the leading causes of road accidents in Kenya. Many drivers exceed speed limits, especially on highways, often to meet unrealistic schedules. Overspeeding reduces the driver’s reaction time, making it challenging to avoid sudden obstacles or control the vehicle in case of an emergency.

Driving Under the Influence (DUI): Alcohol and drug use are major contributors to road accidents. Impaired judgment, slower reaction times, and decreased motor skills increase the likelihood of crashes. While there are laws against driving under the influence, enforcement remains a challenge.

Inexperienced Drivers: Inexperienced or inadequately trained drivers are a concern, especially among commercial drivers. Many drivers do not receive comprehensive training, which is crucial for handling complex driving conditions.

Reckless Driving and Overtaking: Reckless behaviors, including illegal overtaking, tailgating, and lane switching, are also common causes. Many drivers do not follow road regulations, leading to collisions and accidents.

Distracted Driving: Use of mobile phones while driving is becoming increasingly common, resulting in loss of focus and slower reaction times.

2. Poor Road Infrastructure

Inadequate Road Maintenance: Potholes, uneven surfaces, and lack of clear markings are prevalent issues on Kenyan roads. Poorly maintained roads increase the risk of accidents, as drivers struggle to maneuver safely.

Insufficient Road Signage: Lack of proper road signs and signals, particularly in rural areas, makes it difficult for drivers to anticipate turns, bumps, or speed limits, increasing the likelihood of accidents.

Narrow and Congested Roads: Many roads in Kenya are narrow and not equipped to handle the volume of traffic they currently carry, especially in urban areas. This congestion increases the risk of accidents, as drivers are forced to drive closely and make quick decisions.

3. Vehicle Conditions

Poorly Maintained Vehicles: Many vehicles on Kenyan roads do not undergo regular maintenance checks. Issues such as faulty brakes, worn-out tires, and poor lighting systems contribute to the high rate of accidents, as vehicles are more prone to malfunction during travel.

Overloaded Vehicles: Overloading, especially among public service vehicles and trucks, is a common problem. Overloaded vehicles have a higher center of gravity, making them difficult to control and more likely to tip over or have brake failures.

4. Environmental Factors

Weather Conditions: Heavy rain, fog, and floods are common during the rainy season and create challenging driving conditions. Slippery roads, reduced visibility, and sudden road washouts make it difficult for drivers to maintain control, leading to accidents.

Poor Lighting: Many Kenyan roads lack adequate street lighting, particularly in rural areas. This affects visibility at night, increasing the risk of nighttime accidents.

5. Non-Motorized Road Users

Pedestrians, Cyclists, and Motorcyclists: In Kenya, a significant portion of road users are pedestrians, cyclists, and motorcyclists. Poor infrastructure, such as the lack of sidewalks and dedicated lanes, places these vulnerable road users at high risk. Their presence on busy roads, coupled with high vehicle speed, often results in severe injuries or fatalities in case of an accident.

Prevention Measures to Reduce Road Accidents in Kenya

1. Enforcement of Traffic Laws

Strict Law Enforcement: The government needs to enforce existing traffic laws rigorously. This includes penalties for speeding, driving under the influence, and using mobile phones while driving. The implementation of strict punitive measures can serve as a deterrent to dangerous driving behaviors.

Enhanced Surveillance and Monitoring: Installing speed cameras and closed-circuit television (CCTV) cameras along major roads can help monitor traffic violations in real-time. This technology allows authorities to detect and respond to violations more efficiently, reducing the likelihood of accidents.

Random DUI Checks: Increasing the frequency of random DUI checks, particularly during weekends and holidays, can deter drivers from driving under the influence.

2. Driver Education and Training

Improved Driving Schools: The government should monitor and regulate driving schools to ensure they provide adequate training. Well-trained drivers are less likely to engage in risky behaviors, as they are more aware of road rules and safe driving practices.

Regular Refresher Courses: Introducing mandatory refresher courses for drivers, especially those in the public service vehicle sector, can help instill safe driving habits and keep drivers updated on the latest traffic regulations.

3. Public Awareness Campaigns

Road Safety Campaigns: Public awareness campaigns can help educate people about the consequences of dangerous driving and the importance of road safety. The National Transport and Safety Authority (NTSA) and other stakeholders should run campaigns on road safety regularly.

Community Engagement: Engaging local communities in road safety initiatives can help create a culture of safe road use. Communities can advocate for better roads and participate in educating each other about safe driving practices, especially in high-risk areas.

4. Improvement of Road Infrastructure

Road Maintenance: The government should prioritize regular maintenance and repair of roads. This includes fixing potholes, marking lanes, and installing proper signage. A well-maintained road network significantly reduces the risk of accidents.

Pedestrian and Bicycle Lanes: Creating separate lanes for pedestrians, cyclists, and motorcyclists can help reduce the interaction between vehicles and non-motorized road users. This minimizes the risk of accidents, especially in urban areas.

Better Street Lighting: Installing and maintaining street lights on major roads, particularly in high-risk areas, is essential to improve nighttime visibility and reduce the risk of accidents.

5. Vehicle Inspection and Maintenance

Regular Vehicle Inspections: The NTSA should enforce regular inspection of all vehicles to ensure they meet the required safety standards. Vehicles that do not pass inspection should not be allowed on the roads.

Encouraging Vehicle Owners to Maintain Their Vehicles: Owners should be educated about the importance of regular vehicle maintenance, including checking brakes, tires, and lighting systems.

6. Technological Solutions

Use of Speed Limiters: Installing speed limiters in public service and heavy commercial vehicles can help prevent overspeeding. This measure is especially effective on highways where the temptation to overspeed is high.

GPS Tracking and Telematics: Installing GPS tracking systems in public and commercial vehicles allows authorities to monitor drivers’ behavior in real-time, including their speed and adherence to designated routes. Telematics technology can further alert drivers about road conditions, traffic jams, and potential hazards, helping them drive more safely.

Emergency Response Systems: Establishing a rapid emergency response system for accident-prone areas can reduce the time it takes for accident victims to receive medical help. Quick response can reduce the mortality rate and the severity of injuries resulting from road accidents.

7. Encouraging Use of Public Transport

Investing in Efficient Public Transport: Expanding Kenya’s public transport system can reduce the number of private vehicles on the road, ultimately reducing congestion and the risk of accidents. Safer and more reliable public transport systems could encourage people to choose buses and trains over personal vehicles.

Conclusion

Road accidents in Kenya are a multifaceted issue influenced by human behavior, infrastructural inadequacies, and environmental conditions. Addressing these challenges requires a comprehensive approach involving strict enforcement of traffic laws, public awareness, infrastructural improvements, and technological solutions. By implementing these prevention measures, Kenya can reduce the rate of road accidents, saving lives and improving the quality of road transport for all users.

Kenya's business landscape

Nairobi, Kenya – Kenya’s business landscape has seen notable growth in recent years, with numerous sectors showing resilience and innovation despite various challenges. From technology to agriculture, and infrastructure to finance, Kenya is emerging as one of East Africa’s leading economic hubs. However, as with any growing economy, Kenya’s business environment is not without its hurdles, including political instability, inflationary pressures, and access to affordable credit. In this article, we explore the current state of business in Kenya, the opportunities driving growth, and the challenges that entrepreneurs and investors must navigate in order to succeed.

Economic Growth: Resilience Amid Challenges

According to the World Bank, Kenya’s economy grew by 5.4% in 2023, defying global economic slowdowns and showcasing its resilience. Kenya has long been known for its strong agricultural sector, but in recent years, sectors like technology, construction, and services have begun to dominate the country’s business landscape. With a population of over 55 million, a young and dynamic workforce, and a growing middle class, Kenya presents significant opportunities for entrepreneurs, investors, and businesses looking to tap into the East African market.

Agriculture, which has traditionally been the backbone of Kenya’s economy, continues to be a critical sector, contributing about 30% of the country’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Kenya is one of the world’s leading exporters of tea, coffee, and horticultural products. The country’s agricultural output has also diversified with the rise of value-added agricultural products, including processed food, dairy, and floriculture. Innovations in agro-tech, such as mobile apps that provide real-time weather updates or help farmers access markets more efficiently, have enhanced productivity in the sector.

Despite challenges such as climate change, water scarcity, and fluctuating commodity prices, Kenya’s agricultural sector remains an area of both growth and opportunity, particularly as the government continues to prioritize agribusiness through initiatives such as the Big Four Agenda, which emphasizes food security.

The Rise of Kenya’s Tech Sector: A Digital Revolution

Kenya’s tech ecosystem, particularly in Fintech and mobile technology, has gained international recognition in recent years. Nairobi, the capital city, has been nicknamed "Silicon Savannah" for its growing reputation as a hub for innovation and technology startups. The country’s entrepreneurial spirit and its early adoption of mobile technology have positioned Kenya as a leader in the African tech space.

The most famous example of Kenya’s tech success is M-Pesa, a mobile money platform that was launched by Safaricom in 2007. What started as a simple tool for sending money has evolved into a robust financial service used by millions of Kenyans for everything from paying bills to saving money. Today, M-Pesa is not only a household name in Kenya but has expanded to several other African countries and even internationally.

According to the Communications Authority of Kenya, as of 2023, over 70% of adults in Kenya are active mobile money users. This has significantly increased financial inclusion, allowing even those in remote areas of the country to access banking services. Beyond M-Pesa, other mobile banking and payment platforms, such as Airtel Money and Tala, are contributing to the growing digitization of Kenya’s financial services sector.

In addition to mobile finance, Kenya has seen significant growth in E-commerce, driven by platforms like Jumia and Kilimall, which cater to the growing demand for online shopping. The rise of digital marketing, online retail, and tech-driven solutions to everyday problems has created new business opportunities for tech startups, while attracting both local and international investors.

The Construction Boom: Real Estate and Infrastructure

Kenya is undergoing a construction boom, with significant investments in infrastructure projects and real estate. The government has committed billions of dollars to improving transportation networks, energy infrastructure, and housing projects, aiming to build a modern economy that can support the growing population and increasing urbanization. Key infrastructure projects include the Standard Gauge Railway (SGR) linking Nairobi to Mombasa, the expansion of Nairobi’s road networks, and the development of new airports and ports.

Real estate development is also booming, driven by a growing urban middle class and an increasing demand for both residential and commercial properties. Nairobi and other urban centers like Mombasa, Kisumu, and Eldoret have experienced a surge in demand for housing, especially affordable homes. The government has implemented several initiatives to address the housing shortage, including a push for the construction of 500,000 affordable homes as part of the Big Four Agenda.

Additionally, the demand for commercial office spaces, retail complexes, and mixed-use developments has been spurred by Kenya’s growing service sector and expanding multinational presence in the country. Property developers, both local and foreign, have seized these opportunities, building high-rise buildings, luxury apartments, and modern shopping malls to cater to the demand.

However, challenges such as land ownership disputes, regulatory bottlenecks, and the rising cost of construction materials have posed some challenges to the industry. Despite these issues, the construction sector continues to be a key driver of Kenya’s business growth.

Finance and Investment: Unlocking the Potential

The financial services sector in Kenya has been undergoing transformation, fueled by advancements in technology, increasing investment in the banking sector, and greater access to credit. Despite a challenging economic environment, Kenya remains one of the top destinations for foreign direct investment (FDI) in Africa, driven by its strategic location, strong infrastructure, and favorable business climate.

The growth of Fintech has also led to significant investments in Kenya’s financial services sector. Startups such as Branch and M-Kopa are providing access to affordable credit to underserved populations, including small businesses and low-income individuals, using mobile technology to deliver financial products that were once out of reach.

Additionally, Kenya’s stock market, the Nairobi Securities Exchange (NSE), has shown signs of growth, attracting both local and foreign investors looking for opportunities in the country’s rapidly growing sectors. The introduction of new investment products, such as Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs) and Green Bonds, has provided additional avenues for both institutional and retail investors to diversify their portfolios.

Despite these positive developments, access to affordable credit remains a challenge for many small businesses and entrepreneurs in Kenya. High-interest rates and stringent borrowing requirements continue to limit the growth potential of many small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). The government has introduced several initiatives aimed at addressing these challenges, including the establishment of credit guarantee schemes and the promotion of alternative financing models like crowdfunding and venture capital.

Challenges Facing Kenyan Businesses

While Kenya’s business environment offers numerous opportunities, it is not without its challenges. The country’s political landscape, characterized by periodic elections and political instability, can create uncertainty for investors and business owners. Political tensions often lead to disruptions in business activities, with strikes, protests, and violence affecting productivity and investor confidence.

Inflation and the rising cost of living have also taken a toll on businesses, particularly in sectors such as manufacturing and retail. The high cost of raw materials, fuel, and labor has made it difficult for businesses to maintain profitability, with many small businesses struggling to keep up.

Corruption remains another challenge, with businesses often facing delays and added costs due to bribery, regulatory hurdles, and the lack of transparency in public procurement processes. While the government has made strides in curbing corruption, it remains a significant obstacle to achieving sustainable economic growth.

Looking to the Future: Optimism and Innovation

Despite these challenges, the future of business in Kenya remains promising. The country’s young and dynamic population, burgeoning tech sector, and growing middle class provide a strong foundation for future growth. With continued investment in infrastructure, education, and innovation, Kenya is poised to solidify its position as a leading economic powerhouse in East Africa.

For entrepreneurs, the opportunities are abundant. From digital solutions to agriculture, energy, and healthcare, there is room for new businesses to emerge and thrive in Kenya’s rapidly changing economy. The rise of the digital economy, coupled with an increasing appetite for innovation, suggests that Kenya will continue to lead the way in technology-driven growth in Africa.

Ultimately, Kenya’s success will depend on the ability of businesses, government, and society to navigate the challenges of a rapidly changing world. With a focus on inclusivity, sustainability, and resilience, Kenya has the potential to overcome its hurdles and continue its upward trajectory as one of Africa’s most promising economies.

Effects of bhang on youths.

 

Bhang, derived from the cannabis plant, is a psychoactive substance that has been used in various cultures for centuries, particularly in India and parts of the Middle East. It is typically consumed in the form of an edible paste or liquid, but smoking bhang, or cannabis in its dried form, has become more common, especially among youth. While the cultural and recreational use of cannabis is often discussed in terms of its benefits, there is a growing body of evidence that suggests the risks, especially for young people, can be significant. This article explores the effects of smoking bhang as a youth, including its impact on physical health, mental well-being, cognitive development, and social relationships.

Understanding Bhang and Cannabis

Bhang is a product of cannabis that contains psychoactive compounds such as tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD). THC is responsible for the 'high' that users experience, while CBD is non-psychoactive and may have some therapeutic properties. The dried form of bhang, typically referred to as marijuana, is often smoked in joints, pipes, or bongs, delivering THC rapidly into the bloodstream. When smoked, bhang produces immediate effects, such as an altered perception of time, euphoria, and changes in sensory experiences. These effects, however, may have different consequences for youth due to their ongoing development.

Impact on the Brain and Cognitive Functioning

The adolescent brain is still developing well into the mid-20s, and the effects of substances like bhang can interfere with this crucial process. One of the primary concerns with smoking bhang as a youth is its potential to impair cognitive functions. THC affects areas of the brain that are responsible for memory, learning, and decision-making. Research has shown that regular cannabis use during adolescence can result in long-term impairments in memory and learning ability. This is especially concerning for students who are still in school and developing critical thinking and problem-solving skills.

Studies have also demonstrated that early exposure to cannabis can alter the structure of the brain, particularly in areas related to reward processing and emotional regulation. This can make youth more vulnerable to mood disorders, such as anxiety and depression, later in life. Additionally, there is evidence that smoking bhang at a young age may lead to reduced IQ and cognitive decline, particularly for heavy and prolonged users.

Mental Health Concerns

The relationship between cannabis use and mental health is complex, but several studies suggest that smoking bhang as a youth may increase the risk of developing psychiatric disorders. One of the most notable concerns is the increased risk of psychosis, particularly for individuals with a predisposition to mental health issues. Smoking bhang can trigger or exacerbate symptoms of psychosis, such as delusions and hallucinations. Adolescents who use cannabis regularly may experience a greater risk of developing schizophrenia or other psychotic disorders, especially if there is a family history of such conditions.

Moreover, while cannabis is sometimes used as a form of self-medication for anxiety or depression, it can actually worsen these conditions in the long run. Initially, smoking bhang might seem to provide relief or temporary feelings of euphoria, but prolonged use can lead to increased feelings of anxiety, paranoia, and even depression. This cycle can lead youth into a pattern of dependence on the substance to cope with negative emotions, further exacerbating mental health challenges.

Addiction and Dependency

Another significant risk of smoking bhang during adolescence is the potential for developing a cannabis use disorder (CUD). While not everyone who uses cannabis will develop an addiction, research suggests that the earlier an individual starts using bhang, the more likely they are to develop a dependency. The adolescent brain is particularly vulnerable to addiction because it is still in the process of forming connections and habits. Early exposure to drugs can hijack the brain’s reward system, leading to increased cravings and dependency over time.

Cannabis addiction can interfere with daily functioning, leading to a range of social, academic, and personal problems. Youth who develop a cannabis use disorder may experience decreased motivation (often referred to as "amotivational syndrome"), trouble concentrating, and poor academic performance. Additionally, the psychological aspect of addiction may make it difficult for individuals to stop using bhang, even when it is causing harm to their health or social life.

Physical Health Effects

While the physical effects of smoking bhang are not as extensively studied as its psychological impact, there are several concerns regarding its impact on the body. Smoking any substance, including bhang, introduces harmful chemicals into the lungs. These can lead to respiratory issues such as chronic bronchitis, coughing, and wheezing. Long-term smoking can also increase the risk of lung cancer and other serious pulmonary conditions.

Moreover, smoking bhang can lead to cardiovascular issues, as it can increase heart rate and blood pressure. This can be particularly concerning for young people with underlying heart conditions or those who engage in vigorous physical activity. The impact of smoking bhang on the cardiovascular system in youth is still being studied, but early signs suggest that it could lead to long-term health complications.

Social and Academic Consequences

The social consequences of smoking bhang as a youth can be significant, affecting both peer relationships and academic performance. Adolescents who smoke bhang may find themselves increasingly isolated from non-users, leading to strained relationships with family and friends. Peer pressure can also play a role in encouraging cannabis use, but as the user becomes more dependent on bhang, they may alienate themselves from others who are not part of their substance-using social circles.

In terms of academic performance, smoking bhang can hinder a young person’s ability to concentrate and engage in schoolwork. As THC affects short-term memory and cognitive function, students who use bhang may struggle with retaining information, completing assignments, and participating in class discussions. This can lead to falling grades, absenteeism, and a general lack of motivation to succeed academically.

Legal and Social Implications

In many countries, including India, smoking bhang is illegal, especially for those under the legal age of consumption. Getting caught with bhang can result in legal consequences, including fines, imprisonment, or a permanent criminal record, which can have long-term effects on a youth’s future prospects. Even in places where cannabis has been legalized, there are often age restrictions on its use, and young people who break these laws may face legal repercussions.

The stigma surrounding drug use can also lead to social consequences. Adolescents who are known to use bhang may be labeled as "troublemakers" or "rebellious," which can have a lasting impact on their social reputation and self-esteem. The negative perception of cannabis use in certain communities can lead to discrimination and exclusion, which can, in turn, exacerbate feelings of isolation and stress.

Conclusion

The effects of smoking bhang during youth are far-reaching, impacting not only physical and mental health but also cognitive development, academic performance, and social relationships. While some may argue that bhang is a relatively harmless recreational drug, especially when compared to other substances, the evidence suggests that the risks of early use are significant. Adolescence is a critical period of brain development, and smoking bhang during this time can impair cognitive abilities, increase the risk of mental health issues, and contribute to long-term addiction problems.

Given the potential consequences, it is essential for young people to be educated about the risks associated with smoking bhang and to have access to support systems that can help them make informed decisions about substance use. Family, schools, and communities play an important role in providing guidance and resources to help youth navigate the pressures surrounding drug use, ultimately fostering healthier lifestyles and better outcomes for future generations.

Family breakup crisis in Kenya.

Nairobi, Kenya – In recent years, family breakups have become an increasingly common issue in Kenya, affecting not only the immediate family members involved but also the broader community. From economic challenges to societal pressures and unresolved personal conflicts, the causes of these breakups are multifaceted. As the country grapples with these growing challenges, experts are raising concerns about the social and emotional consequences of family dissolution and the long-term effects it could have on Kenya’s future generations.

One such family, the Wambui family from Nairobi, recently found themselves in the midst of a heartbreaking separation. Lucy Wambui (not her real name), a 37-year-old mother of three, describes her experience as a painful journey. After nearly 15 years of marriage, she and her husband, Peter Wambui, decided to call it quits. The couple, who had been childhood sweethearts, had built a life together that included a house, three children, and aspirations of a prosperous future. But as the pressures of daily life mounted, the cracks in their marriage deepened, ultimately leading to their separation.

"We tried everything—counseling, communication, you name it," Lucy says, her voice trembling. "But in the end, it was clear that we were just too different, and we had become strangers to each other. The constant fighting, financial stress, and lack of emotional support just tore us apart."

Lucy’s story is far from unique. Across Kenya, the rates of family breakups have been rising steadily, and experts are beginning to sound the alarm about the impact this trend is having on the fabric of society. According to a recent study by the Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS), over 40% of marriages in the country are now ending in divorce or separation, a significant increase from just a decade ago. These numbers are even higher in urban areas like Nairobi, where the pressures of city life, financial strain, and shifting social norms often exacerbate relationship difficulties.

Economic Pressures: A Leading Cause

Many of the families experiencing breakups cite economic challenges as a primary cause of marital strain. The cost of living in Kenya has been steadily rising in recent years, with inflation driving up the prices of basic goods and services. Unemployment remains a significant problem, particularly for youth, and the increasing pressure to meet financial obligations has placed a heavy burden on marriages.

Peter Wambui, who is now living separately from his wife, admits that financial struggles played a huge role in their separation. "I was working hard, but it always felt like we were falling behind," he says. "We couldn’t pay school fees for the kids, the house rent was overdue, and we both felt frustrated that we couldn’t provide the lifestyle we wanted for our family."

For many couples in Kenya, such financial stress often leads to disputes over money management, with some partners feeling unsupported or criticized. The pressure to meet societal expectations, such as owning a car, a home, or being able to provide luxurious experiences for their children, can lead to feelings of inadequacy and resentment. In some cases, one partner may turn to infidelity or alcohol as a way to cope, only deepening the divide in the relationship.

Social Expectations and Gender Roles

In addition to financial stress, traditional gender roles also play a significant role in the breakdown of marriages in Kenya. While Kenya has made significant strides toward gender equality in recent years, many families still adhere to long-standing cultural expectations about the roles of men and women. In many households, men are expected to be the primary breadwinners, while women take on the role of homemakers and caregivers. However, as more women in Kenya enter the workforce and attain higher levels of education, these traditional roles are being challenged, leading to tension within families.

Lucy Wambui explains that her own struggle with societal expectations played a role in the breakdown of her marriage. "I was raised to believe that I should always support my husband, no matter what," she says. "But as I became more independent, I realized that I also had my own goals and dreams. It created a gap between us, and Peter couldn’t understand why I was no longer willing to just stay home and play the traditional role."

While men in Kenya continue to face pressure to provide for their families, some have found it difficult to adapt to changing expectations. Peter’s frustration stemmed not only from financial strain but also from the shifting dynamic within the home. "I felt like I was being replaced," he admits. "Lucy was earning her own money, and she started making decisions without consulting me. It felt like I wasn’t the man of the house anymore."

As more families experience these kinds of role reversals, it is becoming clear that societal expectations are shifting, but the breakdown of traditional structures often leads to uncertainty and conflict.

Children: The Hidden Victims

While the breakdown of a marriage is difficult for both partners, the effects on children are often profound. The Wambui children, aged 5, 9, and 13, have had to adjust to a new family dynamic that no longer includes both parents under one roof. "It’s been tough on the kids," says Lucy. "They’re confused and sad, and they keep asking why Daddy isn’t living with us anymore. I try to explain, but I know it’s not easy for them to understand."

Studies have shown that children from broken homes are more likely to experience emotional and behavioral problems, including depression, anxiety, and difficulty in forming healthy relationships later in life. The absence of one parent, especially when accompanied by a contentious separation, can leave lasting emotional scars. For many young people, the experience of living through a family breakup can shape their views on relationships and marriage, often leading to a sense of distrust or fear of commitment.

Moreover, in Kenya, the cultural value placed on the extended family means that children from broken families often become the subject of gossip and scrutiny within their communities. The stigma surrounding divorce and separation can add further emotional burden to the children involved, as they feel pressured to meet societal expectations of what a family should look like.

Legal and Social Services

As family breakups continue to rise, many in Kenya are calling for more support systems to assist those going through separation or divorce. While the legal framework for family disputes has improved in recent years, many individuals still face challenges in navigating the legal process, especially in terms of child custody, property division, and maintenance payments. In many cases, women, especially those with young children, may find it difficult to access the support they need, both legally and emotionally.

Organizations such as the Federation of Women Lawyers (FIDA) and the National Council for Children’s Services have been working to provide legal advice, counseling, and support to individuals affected by family breakups. These organizations have called for the establishment of more accessible family mediation centers and support networks that can help couples work through their issues before they reach the point of separation.

The Way Forward

The increasing number of family breakups in Kenya is a multifaceted issue that requires a concerted effort from government, civil society, and individuals to address. From providing financial literacy and employment support to challenging traditional gender norms and offering better legal and emotional support for those going through separations, there are many ways in which Kenya can begin to address this growing crisis.

For Lucy Wambui and her children, the road ahead is uncertain, but she remains hopeful that with time, her family will heal. "I just want my children to grow up in a peaceful environment," she says. "We’re trying to co-parent as best as we can, but it’s not easy. I hope that in the future, families in Kenya can learn to navigate their challenges without resorting to breaking apart."

As Kenya continues to modernize and evolve, the challenge of preserving the family unit will remain an important conversation.

US presidential elections.

 

​​In a remarkable political comeback, Donald Trump has been elected as the 47th President of the United States, defeating Democratic nominee Kamala Harris in the 2024 presidential election.​​ ​​This victory marks Trump as the second individual in U.S. history to serve two non-consecutive terms, following Grover Cleveland's precedent in the late 19th century.

Election Results and Key Battlegrounds

​​Trump's path to victory was solidified by pivotal wins in key swing states.​​ ​​Notably, his triumph in Wisconsin provided the necessary electoral votes to surpass the 270-vote threshold required for the presidency.​​ ​​Additionally, strong performances in Pennsylvania and Georgia contributed significantly to his electoral success.​​ ​​Despite ongoing vote counts in states like Arizona, Nevada, and Maine, Trump's lead in these critical regions rendered the remaining results inconsequential to the overall outcome.​​ ​​

Concession and Transition

​​Following the decisive results, Kamala Harris contacted Trump to offer her congratulations and discuss the forthcoming transition of power.​​ ​​In her concession speech, Harris emphasized the importance of unity and a peaceful transfer of authority, urging her supporters to respect the democratic process.​​ ​​

Congressional Races and Legislative Implications

​​The 2024 election also saw significant shifts in the legislative branch.​​ ​​The Republican Party regained control of the Senate by securing seats in West Virginia and Ohio, altering the balance of power in Congress.​​ ​​This change is expected to influence the legislative agenda and facilitate the implementation of the incoming administration's policies.​​ ​​

International Reactions

​​Global leaders have begun extending their congratulations to President-elect Trump.​​ ​​Notably, Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman of Saudi Arabia and Israeli Prime Minister Binyamin Netanyahu expressed their readiness to collaborate with the new administration.​​ ​​These gestures indicate a willingness among international partners to engage with the U.S. under Trump's renewed leadership.​​ ​​

Market Response

​​Financial markets responded positively to the election outcome.​​ ​​U.S. stock indices experienced a surge, reflecting investor optimism regarding the anticipated economic policies of the incoming administration.​​ ​​Analysts suggest that expectations of deregulation and tax reforms under Trump's leadership contributed to this market rally.​​ ​​

Historical Context

​​Trump's return to the presidency is unprecedented in modern U.S. history.​​ ​​At 78, he becomes the oldest individual to assume the office, surpassing the previous record held by Joe Biden.​​ ​​Additionally, Trump's election is notable given his prior impeachment proceedings and legal challenges, underscoring a complex and contentious political landscape.​​ ​​

Public and Celebrity Reactions

​​The election results elicited a wide range of reactions from the public and prominent figures.​​ ​​Celebrities such as Cardi B and Lili Reinhart expressed disappointment and concern over the outcome, highlighting the polarized nature of the electorate.​​ ​​These responses underscore the deep divisions and emotional intensity surrounding the 2024 election.​​ ​​

Looking Ahead

​​As the nation prepares for the inauguration on January 20, 2025, attention turns to the policies and appointments that will define Trump's second term.​​ ​​Key areas of focus include immigration reform, economic initiatives, and foreign policy strategies.​​ ​​The composition of the new Cabinet and the administration's approach to bipartisan collaboration will be critical in shaping the political and social trajectory of the United States in the coming years.​​

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Kenyan farmers:Navigating challenges and embracing innovation in agriculture.

Kenya's agricultural sector stands as a cornerstone of the nation's economy, employing a significant portion of the population and contributing substantially to GDP. However, Kenyan farmers face a myriad of challenges, from climate change and pest invasions to market access issues. Despite these hurdles, they are adopting innovative practices and technologies to ensure sustainability and food security.

Climate Change and Its Impact

Over the past decade, Kenyan farmers have grappled with erratic weather patterns, prolonged droughts, and unpredictable rainfall, all attributed to climate change. These conditions have led to reduced crop yields and threatened livestock health.

Shift to Climate-Resilient Livestock

In response to these challenges, some farmers are transitioning to more resilient livestock. For instance, in northern Kenya, herders are replacing cattle with camels, which are better suited to arid conditions and can produce milk even during droughts. This shift has been supported by local governments distributing camels to affected households, aiding in their adaptation to changing climates. ​​

Pest Infestations

Pest invasions have further compounded the difficulties faced by Kenyan farmers. Between 2019 and 2020, the country experienced its most severe locust invasion in over 70 years, causing widespread crop damage and threatening food supplies. ​​

Innovative Pest Control Solutions

To combat such threats, farmers are adopting innovative pest control methods. A notable development is the use of a bioherbicide called Kichawi Kill, which targets the parasitic witchweed. This naturally occurring fungus-based solution has significantly increased maize harvests for affected farmers, offering an environmentally friendly alternative to chemical pesticides. ​​

Soil Degradation and Sustainable Practices

Soil acidity and degradation have led to declining agricultural productivity in various regions. In response, farmers are turning to sustainable methods to restore soil health.

Adoption of Regenerative Agriculture

Training programs focusing on regenerative agricultural techniques are being implemented to help farmers increase production sustainably. These methods not only improve soil fertility but also enhance resilience against climate change. ​​

Market Access and Economic Challenges

Access to markets remains a significant hurdle for smallholder farmers, affecting their income and livelihoods.

Contract Farming Initiatives

To address this, Kenya is gearing up to host a contract farming conference, bringing together stakeholders to discuss advancing agricultural practices and partnerships. Such initiatives aim to provide farmers with better market access and fair pricing for their produce. ​​

Financial Support and Insurance

Financial constraints often limit farmers' ability to invest in better farming practices. Microinsurance companies like Pula are offering insurance solutions to smallholder farmers, helping them recover from crises such as droughts and encouraging investment in their farms. ​​

Government and International Support

Recognizing the critical role of agriculture, both the Kenyan government and international organizations are stepping in to support farmers.

Funding and Development Projects

The World Bank approved a $250 million credit for the National Agricultural Value Chain Development Project, aiming to increase market participation and value addition for small-scale farmers across multiple counties. ​​

Regional Cooperation

To tackle migratory pest threats, Kenya is banking on regional cooperation, implementing preventative and mitigative measures through its Plant Protection Department. ​​

The Road Ahead

While challenges persist, the resilience and adaptability of Kenyan farmers are evident. Through the adoption of sustainable practices, innovative solutions, and support from various stakeholders, they continue to strive towards a more secure and prosperous agricultural future.​​

Mpox virus:causes, prevention measures and treatment.

 Kenya recorded it's first mpox death three months after reporting it's first case of the disease. mpox formerly called monkeypox is a disease similar to smallpox caused by a virus. It causes flu like symptoms such as fever and a rash that can take weeks to clear. There's no proven treatment for mpox virus but it usually goes away on its own. Healthcare experts recommend getting vaccinated if you're at higher risk for mpox.

Types: There are two types;Clade 1 is endemic to central africa. It tends to cause more serious illness.Recent outbreaks have been less deadly.

Clade2; Is endemic to East africa. Theres been global outbreak of this type since 2022. It's less likely to be fatal.

Outbreaks: Since 2023,there's been an outbreak of Clade 1 virus in East africa including kenya .

Symptoms: Rash,skin ulcers or blisters,fever,swollen lymp nodes ,chills,headache,muscle ache,fatigue. Not everyone with mpox develops all the symptoms. mpox rash appears as a sore on your mouth,face,hands,feet,penis,vagina or anus .Some people have a widespread rash but others only have few bumps or blisters. 

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Causes: An infection with monkeypox virus cause mpox. Viruses are small pieces of genetic information in a protective coating. The virus that causes mpox is a pox virus and a member of genus orthopox virus .

Spreading: It can be spread through direct contact with the mpox sores,contact with saliva ,contact with materials like clothing or towels used by a person with the virus,close intimate contact like kiss or sex,bites or scratches from an infected animal.

Complications: Bacterial infections can lead to loss of vision or eye damage, inflammation in the brain ,pneumonia, respiratory distress, severe scarring etc.

Prevention: The best way of reducing your risk of contacting the disease  is to get vaccinated before exposure.

Treatment: There aren't any approved antiviral treatment for mpox but if sick ,your provider might treat you with antiviral drugs like tecovirimat or cidofoviv.

Edited by Lydia nekesa.